Preface
Part I Along the Road. Aspects of Causewayed Enclosures in South Scandinavia and Beyond by Lutz Klassen 1 Introduction
2 The area of investigation
3 Causewayed enclosures and related sites in Djursland
4 Causewayed enclosures and related sites in the TRB North Group distribution area
5 Predicting the location of causewayed enclosures in South Scandinavia: Previous approaches
5.1 T. Madsen's work (1979-1988)
5.2 Klatt's study (2009)
5.2.1 The different criteria and calculations used by Klatt
5.2.2. Grid combination and calculation
5.2.3 Conclusion
6 Predicting the location of causewayed enclosures in South Scandinavia: A new approach
6.1 Classification of known enclosures
6.2 Evaluation of the parameters hitherto employed in predictive modelling
6.2.1 Relation to water
6.2.2 Distance to megalithic graves
6.2.3 Soil type
6.2.4 Neolithic finds
6.2.5 Topography
6.2.5.1 Promontory type enclosures
6.2.5.2 Hilltop type enclosures
6.2.5.3 Conclusion
6.3 New parameters for predictive modelling
6.3.1. Inter-enclosure spacing
6.3.2 Enclosures in relation to communication infrastructure
6.3.2.1 Danish enclosures and reconstructed prehistoric roads/paths
6.3.2.2 Danish Neolithic enclosures and historic roads
6.3.3 River crossings
6.3.4 Enclosures and Viking Age/Medieval military installations
7 Predicting enclosures in Djursland
7.1 Preparing required datasets
7.1.1 Reconstructing the coastline at 3500 BC
7.1.2 Defining freshwater paths and river confluences
7.1.3 Defining river mouths
7.1.4 Reconstructing Neolithic roads/paths and river crossings
7.1.5 Point datasets for Viking Age/Medieval fortifications and Neolithic finds
7.1.6 Soil type map
7.1.7 Historic roads
7.2 Pointing out potential enclosure locations
7.3 Testing potential enclosure locations
7.3.1 Aerial survey
7.3.2 Field survey
7.3.2.1 Results of the survey
7.3.2.2 The finds
7.3.2.3 Discussion
7.3.3 Geophysical survey
7.3.3.1 Selection of locations
7.3.3.2 Results
8 The predictive model: evaluation of predictive parameters, test methods and results
8.1 The predictive parameters
8.2 The test methods
8.2.1 Aerial photographs
8.2.2 Field surveying
8.2.3 Geophysical survey
8.3 Archaeological results
8.3.1 Specific research questions
8.3.2 Causewayed enclosures and related sites in Djursland: State of research after predictive modelling
9 Aspects of causewayed enclosures in South Scandinavia in light of the results of this study
9.1 Causewayed enclosures and their relation to the contemporary coastline
9.2 Causewayed enclosures and inter-enclosure distances
9.3 Causewayed enclosures and TRB settlement in Djursland
9.3.1 Late Mesolithic
9.3.2 Early Neolithic (EN I)
9.3.3 Late Early and early Middle Neolithic (EN II - MN A I)
9.3.4 Summary and conclusions
9.3.5 The east Jutland model: A critical review
9.3.5.1 Summary of the east Jutland model
9.3.5.2 Chronological aspects
9.3.5.3 Economic aspects
9.3.5.4 Pottery styles
9.3.5.5 Settlement
9.3.5.6 Enclosures and territories territories
9.3.5.7 Conclusion
10 Scandinavian enclosures from a European perspective
10.1 Parallels between Scandinavian and other European enclosures: An overview
10.2 Aspects of enclosure architecture
10.2.1 Enclosures with three or more (partial) ditch circuits
10.2.2 Enclosures with clavicle-type ditch segments and rectangular palisade annexes
10.2.3 Enclosures with wide ditch circuit spacing
10.2.4 Enclosures with differing circuit widths
10.2.5 Enclosures with egg-shaped site plans
10.2.6 Enclosures with double post entrance structures
10.2.7 Enclosures with post framed banks and ditches on both sides of the bank: The Vilsund site
10.2.8 Additional observations
10.2.9 Discussion
10.3 Aspects of enclosure chronology
10.3.1 Scandinavian enclosure chronology
10.3.1.1 14C-dated enclosures
10.3.1.2 Archaeologically dated enclosures
10.3.1.3 Enclosure-related sites
10.3.1.4 Summary and discussion
10.3.2. European enclosure chronology
10.3.2.1 Enclosures from 4400 to 4000 BC
10.3.2.2 Enclosures from 4000-3750 BC
10.3.2.3 Enclosures from 3750-3500 BC
10.3.2.4 Enclosures from 3500-3200 BC
10.4 Enclosure construction 3750-3500 BC and European corridors of (ritual) communication
10.4.1 Southern central Europe and South Scandinavia
10.4.1.1 Transverse pits on causeways
10.4.1.2 Entrance screens
10.4.1.3 Other entrance structures
10.4.1.4 Fenced rectangular annexes
10.4.1.5 Further links
10.4.1.6 Summary and conclusion
10.4.2 Southern central Europe and northern central Germany
10.4.3 Southern central Europe and southern England
10.4.4 Southern central Europe and central western France
10.4.5 Other long-distance routes
11 Conclusion: Long-distance routes, enclosures and South Scandinavia
12 Summary
13 References
Appendix
Part II Geophysical survey of potential Neolithic enclosure sites in Djursland By Lutz Klassen & Christina Klein
1 Introduction
2 Results of the geophysical survey
3 Evaluation
4 References
