National Security Law, 2/e

List of Tables, Charts and Figures
Preface and Acknowledgements to the Second Edition
Preface and Acknowledgements to the First Edition

PART ONE: STRUCTURE

Chapter 1: Scope
A.    Towards a Definition of National Security
B.    Three Generations of National Security Law
C.    Hard Dilemmas

Chapter 2: Dilemmas
Part I: The Relationship between National Security and Rights
A.    Security as the Foundation for Rights
B.    Rights as the Foundation for Security
C.    The Concept of Synergy

Part II: National Security Dilemmas
A.    Preserving Democracy in Combatting Tyranny
B.    Deploying the Rule of Law in Reacting to Chaos
C.    Preserving Rights in Defending Freedom
D.    Protecting People While Leaving Them Alone
E.    Acting Transparently in Responding Covertly
F.    Acting Decisively in a Fog of War
G.    Conclusion: The Dangers of Utilitarianism

Chapter 3: Institutions
Part I: United Nations Framework
A.    United Nations System
B.    Security Council Powers and Authority

Part II: Overview of the Canadian Framework
A.    Division of Powers Between Federal and Provincial Levels
B.    The Separation of Powers

Part III: Federal Agencies and Bodies
A.    Privy Council Office
B.    Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces
C.    Public Safety Canada and Its Specialized Agencies
D.    Global Affairs Canada
E.    Other Federal Departments and Agencies

PART TWO: THREATS

Chapter 4: Aggression
Part II: Exceptions to the Limitations on Use of Force
A.    UN Security Council Authorization
B.    Self-Defence

Chapter 5: Terrorism
Part I: Terrorism and National Security

Part II: Terrorism and International Law
A.    The Challenge of Definition
B.    The International Law of Anti‑terrorism in Historical Context
C.    Piecemeal Anti-terrorism Conventions
D.    General Anti-terrorism Treaty Obligations

Part III: Terrorism and Canadian Law
A.    Pre-9/11 Criminal Code Provisions
B.    UN Act Regulations
C.    Criminal Code
D. Civil Remedies

Chapter 6: Interference
Part I: Treason, Sedition, and Subversion
A.    Treason and Sedition
B.    Neutrality Law
C.    Enforcement

Part II: Foreign Influence
A.    International Law Issues
B.    Political Interference

Part III: Espionage and Sabotage
A.    International Law Issues
B.    Sabotage Offences
C.    Espionage Offences

Chapter 7: Proliferation
Part I: Weapons Proliferation and National Security

Part II: Regulation of Non-state Use and Possession of WMD
A.    International Treaties
B.    UN Security Council Action
C.    Canadian Implementation

Part III: Regulation of Use and Possession of WMD by States
A.    Nuclear Weapons
B.    Chemical Weapons
C.    Biological Weapons

Part IV: Controls on Technology Transfer
A.    International Export Controls

Chapter 8: Emergencies
Part I: Public Health Law
A.    International Law
B.    Canadian Public Health Laws

Part II: Emergency and Disaster Laws
A.    Emergency Powers and International Law
B.    Emergency Powers and the Constitution
C.    Provincial and Territorial Emergency and Disaster Laws
D.    Federal Emergency Laws

Chapter 9: Source
Part I: Protection of Human Sources
A.    Criminal Informants
B.    Human Sources Protection
C.    CSIS Justification Regime

Part II: Limits on Interrogation
A.    International Human Rights Standards
B.    Standards in International Humanitarian Law
C.    Canadian Standards

Chapter 10: Search
Part I: Constitutional Protections
A.    Reasonable Expectation of Privacy
B.    Reasonableness

Part II: Lawful Searches and Seizures
A.    Lawful Searches and Seizures Under the Criminal Code of Canada
B.    Lawful Searches and Seizures Under the CSIS Act
C.    Lawful Searches at the Border
D.    Lawful Searches by the CSE Under Its "Assistance Mandate"

Part III: Lawful Seizures from Third Parties
A.    Criminal Code Seizures
B.    Disclosure of Journalistic Source Information
C.    Commercial Passenger Information
D.    Information Related to Terrorist Financing

Part IV: Foreign Intelligence Collection
A.    Global Affairs Canada
B.    Communications Security Establishment
C.    Canadian Security Intelligence Service

Part V: Defence Intelligence

Chapter 11: Share
Part I: General Legal Considerations
A.    Constitutional Principles
B.    The Privacy Act
C.    The Intelligence-to-Evidence Dilemma

Part II: Information Sharing Among States
A.    UN Security Council Resolutions
B.    Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Process
C.    Intelligence-Sharing Arrangements

Part III: Information Sharing Among Federal Agencies
A.    Security of Canada Information Disclosure Act
B.    Information Sharing by Security Intelligence Agencies

Chapter 12: Withhold
Part I: Closed Government
A.    Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
B.    Access to Information Act
C.    Privacy Act
D.    Protecting Information

Part II: Closed Courts
A.    Closed Proceedings
B.    Section 38 of the Canada Evidence Act

Chapter 13: Screen
Part I: Government Security
A.    Government Security Screening Model

Part II: Immigration and Citizenship Security Screening
A.    Immigration Screening
B.    Citizenship Act Screening

Part III: Transportation Security Screening
A.    Transportation Facility Access Screening
B.    Aviation Passenger Screening
C.    Passports

Chapter 14: Restrain
Part I: International Principles Relevant to Detention
A.    International Human Rights Standards
B.    Canadian Constitutional Standards

Part II:  Restraining Foreigners
A.    Inadmissibility Proceedings
B.    Security Certificates
C.    Removal to Torture

Part III: Restraining Anyone
A.    Anti-terror Peace Bonds (Recognizance with Conditions)
B.    Preventive Detention and Recognizance with Conditions

Chapter 15: Interrupt
Part I: Law Enforcement Interrupt Tools
A.    Investigative Interruption
B.    Law Enforcement Justification for Illegality

Part II: CSIS Threat Reduction
A.    A Brief History of Security Intelligence Disruption
B.    The 2015 Changes
C.    The 2019 Reform

Part III: Active and Defensive Cyber Operations

Chapter 16: Prosecute
Part I: National Security Prosecutions in Canada

Part II: Investigations and Prosecutions
A.    Police Investigations
B.    Crown Prosecutions

Part III: Disclosure and the Intelligence-to-Evidence Dilemma
A.    "First Party" or Stinchcombe Disclosure
B.    "Third Party" or O’Connor Disclosure
C.    Judicial Authorizations and Disclosure

Part IV: Sentencing
A. Sentencing for Terrorism Offences
B.    Rehabilitation

Chapter 17: Force
Part I: Force by Law Enforcement

Part II: Use of Force by the Canadian Armed Forces in Domestic Operations
A.    Deploying the Military
B.    Legal Standards Limiting Force

Part III: Use of Force by the CAF in International Operations
A. Deploying the Military
B.    Legal Standards Limiting Force

Chapter 18: Review
Part I: Review Principles

Part II: History of Specialized Review in Canada
A.    Review of the Executive
B. Review of National Security Agencies

Part III: Modern Review and Oversight
A.    National Security and Intelligence Review Agency
B.    National Security and Intelligence Committee of Parliamentarians
C.    Intelligence Commissioner

Table of Cases
Index
About the Authors