Contents
1. Introduction 1
The Issue of Access 3
A Framework for Understanding Access 5
Methods 8
Conclusion 12
2. The Centrality of Access 14
Publicness 14
Funding and Finance 16
Segregation and Stratification 17
Measured Outcomes 17
3. Description and Design: Which Niche? 20
Background Briefing 20
Further Research 21
Conclusion 29
4. Location, Location, Location: Decisions About Site and Transportation 30
Background Briefing 30
Further Research 31
Conclusion 36
5. Narrow-Casting: The Power of Marketing and Advertising 37
Background Briefing 37
Further Research 39
Conclusion 44
6. Hoop Schemes: Conditions Placed on Applications 45
Background Briefing 45
Further Research 47
Conclusion 55
7. The Steering Wheel: The Art of Dissuading Applications 56
Background Briefing 56
Further Research 58
Conclusion 61
8. Send Us Your Best: Conditions Placed on Enrollment 63
Background Briefing 63
Further Research 64
Conclusion 71
9. Putting in the Hours: Requiring Parents to Volunteer 72
Background Briefing 72
Further Research 74
Conclusion 77
10. Not in Service: Emergent Bilinguals, Special Education, and Free and Reduced-Price Lunch 78
Background Briefing 78
Further Research 80
Conclusion 88
11. The Fitness Test: Counseling Out 89
Background Briefing 89
Further Research 91
Conclusion 98
12. Pass Interference: GPAs and Grade Retention 99
Background Briefing 99
Further Research 100
Conclusion 105
13. No Excuses: Discipline and Punish 106
Background Briefing 106
Further Research 107
Conclusion 120
14. Irreplaceable: Backfilling Student Attrition 122
Background Briefing 123
Further Research 123
Conclusion 127
15. Show Me the Money: The Price of Attendance 129
Background Briefing 129
Further Research 130
Conclusion 137
16. Understanding Access 138
Competitive Incentives for Schools to Be Choosers 138
Opportunity Hoarding: Parents as Choosers 141
Effectively Maintained Inequality 144
17. Pursuing Equity Against the Tide 148
Attempts to Address Access Hurdles 148
The Rules and Incentives Must Change 155
18. Looking Ahead: Designing a Healthier System 158
Changing Incentives 159
Changing Rules 160
The Importance of Collecting and Reporting Data 169
Holding Authorizers Accountable 170
Conclusion 171
Notes 173
References 175
Index 213
About the Authors 225
